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4541
Peperiksaan Akhir Tahun Tingkatan 4 (model)Form 4 End-of-Year Examination (model)

KimiaChemistry

Tingkatan 4, 2 jam 30 minit / 2 hours 30 minutes, 100 marks
Nama / Name
Kelas / Class
Tarikh / Date
Markah / Marks:      / 100
Instructions
  1. Kertas soalan ini mengandungi empat bahagian: Bahagian A, B, C dan D.This question paper consists of four sections: Section A, B, C and D.
  2. Bahagian A: pilih satu jawapan bagi setiap soalan.Section A: choose one answer for each question.
  3. Bahagian B: jawab semua soalan.Section B: answer all questions.
  4. Bahagian C: jawab mana-mana satu soalan. Bahagian D: jawab soalan yang diberi.Section C: answer any one question. Section D: answer the question given.
  5. Tunjukkan langkah-langkah penting dalam kerja mengira anda. Tulis persamaan kimia yang seimbang.Show your working. Write balanced chemical equations.
  6. Rajah tidak dilukis mengikut skala kecuali dinyatakan. Jadual Berkala Unsur dan kalkulator saintifik dibenarkan.Diagrams are not drawn to scale unless stated. The Periodic Table of Elements and a scientific calculator are allowed.

Answer schemes are in English (DLP).

Practice shows answers as you go. Exam times you and hides answers until you submit.

Bahagian ASection A

20 marks
Jawab semua soalan. Setiap soalan diikuti oleh empat pilihan jawapan, A, B, C dan D. Pilih satu jawapan sahaja.Answer all questions. Each question is followed by four options, A, B, C and D. Choose one answer only.
1

Question 1

Seorang murid melukis graf untuk menunjukkan hubungan antara jisim garam yang dilarutkan dengan ketumpatan larutan. Apakah langkah kaedah saintifik yang perlu dilakukan seterusnya?A student draws a graph to show the relationship between the mass of salt dissolved and the density of the solution. What is the next step of the scientific method?
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A
After the data are recorded and analysed (here, drawn as a graph), the scientist states the conclusion. Planning, hypothesis and variables come before the experiment is carried out.
For the teacher: Understanding, low difficulty, Chapter 1, standard 1.2.1
Textbook p. 9
2

Question 2

Zarah subatom yang manakah mempunyai cas relatif −1 dan jisim relatif yang sangat kecil?Which subatomic particle has a relative charge of −1 and a very small relative mass?
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C
The electron has a relative charge of −1 and a relative mass of about 1/1840. The proton is +1, the neutron is 0, and the nucleus is not a single particle.
For the teacher: Remembering, low difficulty, Chapter 2, standard 2.2.2
Textbook p. 29
3

Question 3

Rajah 1 menunjukkan lengkung penyejukan bagi cecair Q. Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah benar tentang Q pada minit ke-9?Diagram 1 shows the cooling curve of liquid Q. Which statement about Q at the 9th minute is correct?
Cooling curve of Q: temperature falls from 90 °C at 0 minutes to 62 °C at 6 minutes, stays at 62 °C until 12 minutes, then falls to 47 °C at 16 minutes
Rajah 1Diagram 1
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B
The flat part of the curve from 6 to 12 minutes is the freezing point (62 °C). The liquid is freezing, so solid and liquid are both present, and the heat released by new attraction forces balances the heat lost. Absorbing heat (D) happens when heating a solid.
For the teacher: Analysing, medium difficulty, Chapter 2, standard 2.1.3
Textbook p. 28
4

Question 4

Unsur R mempunyai dua isotop, R-20 dan R-22. Jisim atom relatif unsur R ialah 20.4. Apakah peratus kelimpahan R-22?Element R has two isotopes, R-20 and R-22. The relative atomic mass of R is 20.4. What is the percentage abundance of R-22?
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D
Let the abundance of R-22 be x. 20(1 − x) + 22x = 20.4, so 20 + 2x = 20.4 and x = 0.2, which is 20%. R-20 is 80%.
For the teacher: Applying, high difficulty, Chapter 2, standard 2.4.2
Textbook p. 38
5

Question 5

Berapakah jisim 2 mol air, H₂O? [Jisim atom relatif: H = 1, O = 16]What is the mass of 2 mol of water, H₂O? [Relative atomic mass: H = 1, O = 16]
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B
Molar mass of H₂O = 2(1) + 16 = 18 g mol⁻¹. Mass = 2 × 18 = 36 g.
For the teacher: Applying, low difficulty, Chapter 3, standard 3.2.2
Textbook p. 50
6

Question 6

6.0 g magnesium bertindak balas lengkap dengan asid hidroklorik berlebihan: Mg + 2HCl → MgCl₂ + H₂. Berapakah isi padu gas hidrogen yang terbebas pada keadaan bilik? [Jisim atom relatif: Mg = 24; isi padu molar = 24 dm³ mol⁻¹]6.0 g of magnesium reacts completely with excess hydrochloric acid: Mg + 2HCl → MgCl₂ + H₂. What is the volume of hydrogen gas released at room conditions? [Relative atomic mass: Mg = 24; molar volume = 24 dm³ mol⁻¹]
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A
Moles of Mg = 6.0 ÷ 24 = 0.25 mol. Mole ratio Mg : H₂ = 1 : 1, so 0.25 mol of H₂. Volume = 0.25 × 24 = 6 dm³.
For the teacher: Applying, medium difficulty, Chapter 3, standard 3.4.3
Textbook p. 73
7

Question 7

Satu sampel oksida kuprum mengandungi 1.28 g kuprum dan 0.16 g oksigen. Apakah formula empirik oksida itu? [Jisim atom relatif: O = 16, Cu = 64]A sample of copper oxide contains 1.28 g of copper and 0.16 g of oxygen. What is the empirical formula of the oxide? [Relative atomic mass: O = 16, Cu = 64]
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C
Cu: 1.28 ÷ 64 = 0.02 mol; O: 0.16 ÷ 16 = 0.01 mol. Ratio Cu : O = 2 : 1, so the formula is Cu₂O.
For the teacher: Applying, medium difficulty, Chapter 3, standard 3.3.4
Textbook p. 61
8

Question 8

Gas adi yang manakah digunakan untuk mengisi belon kajicuaca kerana ia sangat ringan dan tidak mudah terbakar?Which noble gas is used to fill weather balloons because it is very light and does not burn?
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C
Helium has the lowest density of the noble gases and is unreactive, so it is safe in balloons. Neon is used in advertising lights and argon in light bulbs.
For the teacher: Remembering, low difficulty, Chapter 4, standard 4.3.3
Textbook p. 86
9

Question 9

Astatin berada di bawah iodin dalam Kumpulan 17. Antara ramalan berikut, yang manakah betul tentang astatin?Astatine is below iodine in Group 17. Which prediction about astatine is correct?
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D
Down Group 17 reactivity decreases and melting point and boiling point increase. So astatine is a solid with a higher melting point and is less reactive than iodine.
For the teacher: Understanding, medium difficulty, Chapter 4, standard 4.5.3
Textbook p. 95
10

Question 10

Ion yang manakah membentuk larutan akueus berwarna biru?Which ion forms a blue aqueous solution?
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B
Compounds of transition elements form coloured ions: Cu²⁺ is blue. The ions of Group 1 and Group 2 metals are colourless.
For the teacher: Remembering, low difficulty, Chapter 4, standard 4.7.2
Textbook p. 102
11

Question 11

Atom X mempunyai susunan elektron 2.8.2 dan atom Y mempunyai susunan elektron 2.7. Apakah formula dan jenis ikatan bagi sebatian yang terbentuk apabila X bertindak balas dengan Y?Atom X has the electron arrangement 2.8.2 and atom Y has the electron arrangement 2.7. What are the formula and the type of bond of the compound formed when X reacts with Y?
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A
X is a metal that donates 2 electrons to form X²⁺; Y is a non-metal that accepts 1 electron to form Y⁻. Two Y⁻ balance one X²⁺, so the formula is XY₂ with an ionic bond.
For the teacher: Applying, medium difficulty, Chapter 5, standard 5.2.1
Textbook p. 113
12

Question 12

Bahan M mempunyai takat lebur −182 °C, tidak mengalirkan elektrik dalam sebarang keadaan, tidak larut dalam air tetapi larut dalam pelarut organik. Apakah bahan M?Substance M has a melting point of −182 °C, does not conduct electricity in any state, does not dissolve in water but dissolves in organic solvents. What is substance M?
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D
A very low melting point, no conduction in any state and solubility in organic solvents are properties of a simple covalent compound: methane. Sodium chloride and magnesium oxide are ionic with high melting points; copper conducts as a solid.
For the teacher: Analysing, high difficulty, Chapter 5, standard 5.7.1
Textbook p. 126
13

Question 13

Antara bahan berikut, yang manakah alkali lemah?Which of the following is a weak alkali?
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D
Aqueous ammonia ionises only partially in water, so it is a weak alkali. Sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide ionise completely and are strong alkalis.
For the teacher: Remembering, low difficulty, Chapter 6, standard 6.3.2
Textbook p. 150
14

Question 14

25.0 cm³ asid hidroklorik 2.0 mol dm⁻³ dicairkan kepada 250 cm³. Sebanyak 20.0 cm³ asid yang dicairkan itu meneutralkan 25.0 cm³ larutan natrium hidroksida. Berapakah kepekatan larutan natrium hidroksida itu?25.0 cm³ of 2.0 mol dm⁻³ hydrochloric acid is diluted to 250 cm³. 20.0 cm³ of the diluted acid neutralises 25.0 cm³ of sodium hydroxide solution. What is the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution?
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B
Diluted acid: 2.0 × 25.0 ÷ 250 = 0.20 mol dm⁻³. Moles of HCl in 20.0 cm³ = 0.20 × 20.0 ÷ 1000 = 0.0040 mol = moles of NaOH (1 : 1). Concentration of NaOH = 0.0040 ÷ 0.0250 = 0.16 mol dm⁻³.
For the teacher: Applying, high difficulty, Chapter 6, standard 6.7.3
Textbook p. 172
15

Question 15

Larutan P mempunyai pH 2 dan larutan Q mempunyai pH 5. Berapa kali ganda kepekatan ion hidrogen dalam P berbanding dalam Q?Solution P has pH 2 and solution Q has pH 5. How many times greater is the concentration of hydrogen ions in P than in Q?
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C
[H⁺] in P = 10⁻² and in Q = 10⁻⁵ mol dm⁻³. The ratio is 10⁻² ÷ 10⁻⁵ = 10³ = 1 000. Each pH unit is a factor of 10.
For the teacher: Applying, medium difficulty, Chapter 6, standard 6.2.2
Textbook p. 145
16

Question 16

Larutan natrium tiosulfat bertindak balas dengan asid sulfurik cair untuk membentuk mendakan kuning. Antara berikut, yang manakah boleh diukur untuk menentukan kadar tindak balas ini?Sodium thiosulphate solution reacts with dilute sulphuric acid to form a yellow precipitate. Which of the following can be measured to determine the rate of this reaction?
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A
The precipitate of sulphur makes the mixture cloudy, so the time for the X mark to be hidden measures how fast it forms. The sulphur dioxide formed is very soluble in water and is not collected, and the mass change is negligible.
For the teacher: Understanding, low difficulty, Chapter 7, standard 7.1.2
Textbook p. 221
17

Question 17

Empat eksperimen dijalankan menggunakan 2 g pita magnesium dan 50 cm³ asid pada 30 °C. Eksperimen yang manakah mempunyai kadar tindak balas awal yang paling tinggi?Four experiments are carried out using 2 g of magnesium ribbon and 50 cm³ of acid at 30 °C. Which experiment has the highest initial rate of reaction?
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B
Sulphuric acid is diprotic, so 0.5 mol dm⁻³ H₂SO₄ gives 1.0 mol dm⁻³ of H⁺, the highest. HCl gives 0.5, ethanoic acid (weak) far less, and 0.25 mol dm⁻³ H₂SO₄ gives 0.5 mol dm⁻³ of H⁺.
For the teacher: Analysing, medium difficulty, Chapter 7, standard 7.2.1
Textbook p. 233
18

Question 18

Dalam suatu tindak balas, tenaga bahan tindak balas ialah 80 kJ, tenaga hasil tindak balas ialah 30 kJ, dan tenaga pada puncak lengkung tanpa mangkin ialah 140 kJ. Apabila mangkin ditambah, puncak itu turun kepada 110 kJ. Apakah nilai ΔH dan tenaga pengaktifan dengan mangkin?In a reaction, the energy of the reactants is 80 kJ, the energy of the products is 30 kJ, and the energy at the peak of the curve without a catalyst is 140 kJ. When a catalyst is added, the peak drops to 110 kJ. What are the values of ΔH and the activation energy with the catalyst?
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C
ΔH = energy of products − energy of reactants = 30 − 80 = −50 kJ (exothermic); a catalyst does not change ΔH. Ea with the catalyst = 110 − 80 = 30 kJ. The 60 kJ is the Ea without the catalyst (140 − 80).
For the teacher: Analysing, high difficulty, Chapter 7, standard 7.4.3
Textbook p. 248
19

Question 19

Aloi yang manakah terdiri daripada kuprum dan timah?Which alloy is made of copper and tin?
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B
Bronze is copper and tin. Brass is copper and zinc, steel is iron and carbon, and stainless steel is iron, chromium and nickel.
For the teacher: Remembering, low difficulty, Chapter 8, standard 8.1.1
Textbook p. 254
20

Question 20

Jubin seramik menutupi bahagian luar sebuah pesawat angkasa ulang-alik. Sifat seramik yang manakah paling penting bagi kegunaan ini?Ceramic tiles cover the outside of a space shuttle. Which property of ceramics is the most important for this use?
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A
The tiles must survive very high temperatures on re-entry and stop the heat from reaching the body of the shuttle. Ceramics have a high melting point and conduct heat poorly. Brittleness is a disadvantage, not a reason for use.
For the teacher: Understanding, medium difficulty, Chapter 8, standard 8.3.1
Textbook p. 263

Bahagian BSection B

40 marks
Jawab semua soalan. Tulis jawapan anda di ruang yang disediakan.Answer all questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.
21

Question 21

Jadual 1 menunjukkan bilangan zarah subatom dalam empat zarah, W, X, Y dan Z. (W, X, Y dan Z bukan simbol sebenar.)
ZarahProtonNeutronElektron
W888
X8108
Y111210
Z91010
Table 1 shows the number of subatomic particles in four particles, W, X, Y and Z. (W, X, Y and Z are not the actual symbols.)
ParticleProtonsNeutronsElectrons
W888
X8108
Y111210
Z91010
[2 marks] (a)Antara W, X, Y dan Z, pasangan manakah merupakan isotop? Berikan satu sebab.Which pair of W, X, Y and Z are isotopes? Give one reason.
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[2 marks] (b)Zarah Y ialah ion. Nyatakan cas ion itu dan terangkan jawapan anda.Particle Y is an ion. State the charge of the ion and explain your answer.
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[1 mark] (c)Tuliskan susunan elektron bagi zarah Z.Write the electron arrangement of particle Z.
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Z has 10 electrons: 2 in the first shell and 8 in the second.
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[1 mark] (d)Nyatakan satu kegunaan isotop dalam bidang perubatan atau arkeologi.State one use of isotopes in medicine or archaeology.
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[2 marks] (e)Unsur galium wujud sebagai dua isotop: galium-69 (60%) dan galium-71 (40%). Hitung jisim atom relatif galium.The element gallium exists as two isotopes: gallium-69 (60%) and gallium-71 (40%). Calculate the relative atomic mass of gallium.
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For the teacher: Understanding, low difficulty, Chapter 2, standard 2.3.2
Textbook p. 33
22

Question 22

Sebanyak 2.50 g kalsium karbonat, CaCO₃, bertindak balas lengkap dengan asid hidroklorik berlebihan menurut persamaan: CaCO₃ + 2HCl → CaCl₂ + H₂O + CO₂. [Jisim atom relatif: C = 12, O = 16, Cl = 35.5, Ca = 40; isi padu molar = 24 dm³ mol⁻¹; pemalar Avogadro = 6.02 × 10²³ mol⁻¹]2.50 g of calcium carbonate, CaCO₃, reacts completely with excess hydrochloric acid according to the equation: CaCO₃ + 2HCl → CaCl₂ + H₂O + CO₂. [Relative atomic mass: C = 12, O = 16, Cl = 35.5, Ca = 40; molar volume = 24 dm³ mol⁻¹; Avogadro constant = 6.02 × 10²³ mol⁻¹]
[1 mark] (a)Hitung bilangan mol kalsium karbonat.Calculate the number of moles of calcium carbonate.
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[2 marks] (b)Hitung isi padu karbon dioksida yang terbebas pada keadaan bilik.Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide released at room conditions.
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[2 marks] (c)Hitung jisim kalsium klorida yang terbentuk.Calculate the mass of calcium chloride formed.
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[1 mark] (d)Hitung bilangan molekul karbon dioksida yang terbentuk.Calculate the number of carbon dioxide molecules formed.
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[2 marks] (e)Kalsium karbonat juga terurai apabila dipanaskan kuat. Tulis persamaan kimia seimbang dengan simbol keadaan bagi tindak balas ini.Calcium carbonate also decomposes when strongly heated. Write the balanced chemical equation with state symbols for this reaction.
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For the teacher: Applying, medium difficulty, Chapter 3, standard 3.4.3
Textbook p. 73
23

Question 23

Rajah 2 menunjukkan jejari atom unsur-unsur dalam Kala 3 dari natrium ke klorin.Diagram 2 shows the atomic radius of the elements in Period 3 from sodium to chlorine.
Bar chart of atomic radius in nm for Na 0.186, Mg 0.160, Al 0.143, Si 0.118, P 0.110, S 0.104, Cl 0.100
Rajah 2Diagram 2
[1 mark] (a)Nyatakan corak perubahan jejari atom merentasi Kala 3.State the trend in atomic radius across Period 3.
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[2 marks] (b)Terangkan corak itu.Explain the trend.
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[2 marks] (c)Nyatakan susunan elektron dan kumpulan bagi magnesium.State the electron arrangement and the group of magnesium.
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[1 mark] (d)Antara unsur dalam Rajah 2, namakan satu unsur separa logam.From the elements in Diagram 2, name one metalloid.
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[1 mark] (e)Aluminium oksida bertindak balas dengan asid dan juga dengan alkali. Namakan jenis oksida ini.Aluminium oxide reacts with acids and also with alkalis. Name this type of oxide.
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[1 mark] (f)Fosforus pentoksida melarut dalam air. Nyatakan sifat larutan yang terbentuk.Phosphorus pentoxide dissolves in water. State the nature of the solution formed.
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For the teacher: Analysing, low difficulty, Chapter 4, standard 4.6.2
Textbook p. 99
24

Question 24

Jadual 2 menunjukkan sifat dua sebatian, magnesium klorida dan tetraklorometana, CCl₄.
SebatianTakat lebur (°C)Kekonduksian elektrik
Magnesium klorida714Mengalir dalam keadaan leburan, tidak dalam keadaan pepejal
Tetraklorometana−23Tidak mengalir dalam semua keadaan
[Nombor proton: C = 6, Mg = 12, Cl = 17]Table 2 shows the properties of two compounds, magnesium chloride and tetrachloromethane, CCl₄.
CompoundMelting point (°C)Electrical conductivity
Magnesium chloride714Conducts when molten, not when solid
Tetrachloromethane−23Does not conduct in any state
[Proton number: C = 6, Mg = 12, Cl = 17]
[2 marks] (a)Terangkan pembentukan ion apabila magnesium bertindak balas dengan klorin.Explain the formation of ions when magnesium reacts with chlorine.
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[1 mark] (b)Tulis formula magnesium klorida.Write the formula of magnesium chloride.
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[2 marks] (c)Nyatakan jenis ikatan dalam tetraklorometana dan terangkan bagaimana ikatan itu terbentuk.State the type of bond in tetrachloromethane and explain how the bond is formed.
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[3 marks] (d)Terangkan mengapa magnesium klorida mengalirkan elektrik dalam keadaan leburan tetapi tetraklorometana tidak.Explain why magnesium chloride conducts electricity when molten but tetrachloromethane does not.
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For the teacher: Applying, medium difficulty, Chapter 5, standard 5.7.1
Textbook p. 127
25

Question 25

Seorang murid ingin mengkaji sama ada jisim garam yang dilarutkan dalam 200 cm³ air mempengaruhi sama ada sebiji telur terapung. Dia menggunakan 10 g, 20 g, 30 g dan 40 g garam, dan menggunakan telur yang sama dalam setiap larutan.A student wants to investigate whether the mass of salt dissolved in 200 cm³ of water affects whether an egg floats. He uses 10 g, 20 g, 30 g and 40 g of salt, and uses the same egg in each solution.
[1 mark] (a)Nyatakan pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan.State the manipulated variable.
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[1 mark] (b)Nyatakan pemboleh ubah bergerak balas.State the responding variable.
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[1 mark] (c)Nyatakan satu pemboleh ubah dimalarkan.State one constant (fixed) variable.
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[2 marks] (d)Nyatakan hipotesis bagi eksperimen ini.State the hypothesis for this experiment.
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[1 mark] (e)Namakan alat yang paling sesuai untuk menyukat jisim garam.Name the most suitable apparatus to measure the mass of the salt.
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[2 marks] (f)Dalam eksperimen yang lain, murid itu menghasilkan gas klorin. Namakan satu kemudahan makmal dan satu peralatan perlindungan diri yang perlu digunakan.In another experiment, the student produces chlorine gas. Name one laboratory facility and one piece of personal protective equipment that must be used.
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For the teacher: Applying, low difficulty, Chapter 1, standard 1.2.1
Textbook p. 9

Bahagian CSection C

20 marks
Jawab mana-mana satu soalan.Answer any one question.
26Choose 1

Question 26

Jadual 3 menunjukkan pH bagi empat larutan, P, Q, R dan S, setiap satu berkepekatan 0.10 mol dm⁻³. P ialah asid hidroklorik dan R ialah larutan natrium hidroksida.
LarutanPQRS
pH1.02.913.011.1
Table 3 shows the pH of four solutions, P, Q, R and S, each of concentration 0.10 mol dm⁻³. P is hydrochloric acid and R is sodium hydroxide solution.
SolutionPQRS
pH1.02.913.011.1
[1 mark] (a)Namakan satu larutan dalam Jadual 3 yang ialah asid lemah.Name one solution in Table 3 that is a weak acid.
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[3 marks] (b)Terangkan mengapa pH larutan Q lebih tinggi daripada pH larutan P walaupun kepekatan kedua-duanya sama.Explain why the pH of solution Q is higher than that of solution P although their concentrations are the same.
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[2 marks] (c)Hitung kepekatan ion hidroksida dalam larutan R.Calculate the concentration of hydroxide ions in solution R.
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[2 marks] (d)Tulis persamaan kimia seimbang bagi tindak balas antara P dan R.Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between P and R.
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[4 marks] (e)25.0 cm³ larutan R dineutralkan sepenuhnya oleh 20.0 cm³ asid sulfurik. Hitung kepekatan asid sulfurik itu dalam mol dm⁻³.25.0 cm³ of solution R is completely neutralised by 20.0 cm³ of sulphuric acid. Calculate the concentration of the sulphuric acid in mol dm⁻³.
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[2 marks] (f)Namakan penunjuk yang sesuai untuk pentitratan itu dan nyatakan perubahan warna pada takat akhir apabila asid ditambah ke dalam larutan R.Name a suitable indicator for the titration and state the colour change at the end point when the acid is added to solution R.
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[3 marks] (g)Seorang murid ingin menyediakan 250 cm³ larutan natrium hidroksida 0.10 mol dm⁻³ daripada pepejalnya. Hitung jisim natrium hidroksida yang diperlukan dan huraikan cara menyediakannya. [Jisim atom relatif: H = 1, O = 16, Na = 23]A student wants to prepare 250 cm³ of 0.10 mol dm⁻³ sodium hydroxide solution from the solid. Calculate the mass of sodium hydroxide needed and describe how to prepare it. [Relative atomic mass: H = 1, O = 16, Na = 23]
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[3 marks] (h)10.0 cm³ larutan R dicairkan dengan air untuk menghasilkan larutan 0.010 mol dm⁻³. Hitung isi padu larutan yang dicairkan dan nyatakan pHnya.10.0 cm³ of solution R is diluted with water to give a 0.010 mol dm⁻³ solution. Calculate the volume of the diluted solution and state its pH.
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For the teacher: Applying, medium difficulty, Chapter 6, standard 6.7.3
Textbook p. 172
27Choose 1

Question 27

Sebuah syarikat basikal ingin memilih bahan untuk rangka basikal. Jadual 4 menunjukkan maklumat tentang tiga bahan. Bahan P ialah aluminium tulen, bahan Q ialah aloi aluminium (duralumin) dan bahan R ialah plastik diperkukuh gentian karbon, iaitu satu bahan komposit.
BahanKetumpatan (g cm⁻³)KekuatanKos setiap kg (RM)
P2.70Lembut dan lemah10
Q2.80Kuat14
R1.60Sangat kuat120
A bicycle company wants to choose a material for a bicycle frame. Table 4 shows information about three materials. Material P is pure aluminium, material Q is an aluminium alloy (duralumin) and material R is carbon fibre reinforced plastic, a composite material.
MaterialDensity (g cm⁻³)StrengthCost per kg (RM)
P2.70Soft and weak10
Q2.80Strong14
R1.60Very strong120
[1 mark] (a)Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan aloi?What is meant by an alloy?
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[2 marks] (b)Aloi gangsa ialah campuran kuprum dan timah. Nyatakan satu kegunaan gangsa dan nyatakan satu sifat yang menjadikannya sesuai.The alloy bronze is a mixture of copper and tin. State one use of bronze and one property that makes it suitable.
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[3 marks] (c)Dengan merujuk kepada susunan atom, terangkan mengapa bahan Q lebih kuat daripada bahan P.With reference to the arrangement of atoms, explain why material Q is stronger than material P.
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[2 marks] (d)Namakan bahan matriks dan bahan penguat dalam bahan R, jika bahan R terdiri daripada gentian karbon yang tertanam dalam plastik.Name the matrix and the strengthening substance in material R, which is made of carbon fibres embedded in plastic.
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[2 marks] (e)Mengapakah bahan komposit lebih sesuai digunakan berbanding bahan juzuknya secara berasingan?Why is a composite material more suitable to use than its constituent materials on their own?
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[3 marks] (f)Isi padu sebuah rangka ialah 900 cm³. Hitung jisim rangka itu jika dibuat daripada bahan Q dan bahan R, dan hitung perbezaan jisimnya. [Ketumpatan = jisim ÷ isi padu]The volume of a frame is 900 cm³. Calculate the mass of the frame if it is made of material Q and of material R, and calculate the difference in mass. [Density = mass ÷ volume]
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[3 marks] (g)Seramik digunakan untuk membuat cakera brek bagi basikal lumba tertentu. Nyatakan dua sifat seramik dan satu kelemahannya.Ceramics are used to make the brake discs of certain racing bicycles. State two properties of ceramics and one disadvantage.
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[4 marks] (h)(i) Syarikat itu ingin membuat basikal lumba profesional yang paling ringan. Pilih satu bahan dan beri satu sebab. (ii) Untuk basikal sekolah yang murah, bahan manakah yang lebih sesuai? Justifikasikan pilihan anda.(i) The company wants to make the lightest professional racing bicycle. Choose one material and give one reason. (ii) For a cheap school bicycle, which material is more suitable? Justify your choice.
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For the teacher: Evaluating, low difficulty, Chapter 8, standard 8.1.3
Textbook p. 258

Bahagian DSection D

20 marks
Jawab soalan ini.Answer this question.
28

Question 28

Dua eksperimen, I dan II, dijalankan untuk mengkaji tindak balas antara 5.0 g kepingan marmar (kalsium karbonat) dengan 50 cm³ asid hidroklorik 0.50 mol dm⁻³ pada suhu yang sama. Dalam eksperimen I, marmar ialah ketulan besar. Dalam eksperimen II, marmar ialah serbuk halus. Isi padu karbon dioksida yang terkumpul direkodkan setiap 60 s dan keputusan ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 3. [Jisim atom relatif: C = 12, O = 16, Ca = 40; isi padu molar = 24 dm³ mol⁻¹]Two experiments, I and II, are carried out to study the reaction between 5.0 g of marble (calcium carbonate) and 50 cm³ of 0.50 mol dm⁻³ hydrochloric acid at the same temperature. In experiment I, the marble is large lumps. In experiment II, the marble is a fine powder. The volume of carbon dioxide collected is recorded every 60 s and the results are shown in Diagram 3. [Relative atomic mass: C = 12, O = 16, Ca = 40; molar volume = 24 dm³ mol⁻¹]
Volume of CO2 against time. Curve II rises faster and levels off at 300 cm3 from 240 s (150 cm3 at 60 s, 235 at 120 s, 280 at 180 s). Curve I: 90 cm3 at 60 s, 150 at 120 s, 190 at 180 s, 225 at 240 s, 255 at 300 s, 280 at 360 s, 300 cm3 from 420 s.
Rajah 3Diagram 3
[1 mark] (a)Nyatakan tujuan eksperimen ini.State the aim of this experiment.
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[3 marks] (b)Nyatakan pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan, pemboleh ubah bergerak balas dan satu pemboleh ubah dimalarkan.State the manipulated variable, the responding variable and one constant variable.
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[2 marks] (c)Tulis persamaan kimia seimbang dengan simbol keadaan bagi tindak balas ini.Write the balanced chemical equation with state symbols for this reaction.
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[2 marks] (d)Hitung kadar tindak balas purata bagi eksperimen I antara masa 120 s dan 240 s.Calculate the average rate of reaction for experiment I between 120 s and 240 s.
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[1 mark] (e)Hitung kadar tindak balas purata keseluruhan bagi eksperimen II.Calculate the overall average rate of reaction for experiment II.
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[4 marks] (f)Eksperimen yang manakah mempunyai kadar tindak balas yang lebih tinggi? Terangkan jawapan anda menggunakan teori perlanggaran.Which experiment has the higher rate of reaction? Explain your answer using the collision theory.
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[3 marks] (g)Tunjukkan dengan pengiraan bahawa isi padu maksimum karbon dioksida ialah 300 cm³. Nyatakan reagen yang berlebihan.Show by calculation that the maximum volume of carbon dioxide is 300 cm³. State the reagent that is in excess.
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[3 marks] (h)Seorang murid mencadangkan supaya eksperimen I diulang menggunakan 100 cm³ asid hidroklorik 0.50 mol dm⁻³ (dan marmar berlebihan) untuk menjadikan tindak balas lebih cepat. Nilaikan cadangan ini.A student suggests repeating experiment I using 100 cm³ of 0.50 mol dm⁻³ hydrochloric acid (with marble in excess) to make the reaction faster. Evaluate this suggestion.
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[1 mark] (i)Nyatakan kesimpulan eksperimen ini.State the conclusion of this experiment.
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For the teacher: Evaluating, high difficulty, Chapter 7, standard 7.2.1
Textbook p. 233
Test specification (JSU)
ChapterRememberingUnderstandingApplyingAnalysingEvaluatingCreatingItemsmarks
1. Introduction to Chemistry–1 (1)1 (8)–––29
2. Matter and the Atomic Structure1 (1)1 (8)1 (1)1 (1)––411
3. The Mole Concept, Chemical Formula and Equation––4 (11)–––411
4. The Periodic Table of Elements2 (2)1 (1)–1 (8)––411
5. Chemical Bond––2 (9)1 (1)––310
6. Acid, Base and Salt1 (1)–3 (22)–––423
7. Rate of Reaction–1 (1)–2 (2)1 (20)–423
8. Manufactured Substances in Industry1 (1)1 (1)––1 (20)–322
Total5 (5)5 (12)11 (51)5 (12)2 (40)0 (0)28120
Each cell shows items (marks).