Bahasa Inggeris notes, unit 10
Where on earth?
Textbook English Download B1+ Student's Book Form 5 (KSSM, Hamilton House / KPM 2020), pages 121-132
What this chapter covers
- I can read short texts about World Heritage sites and answer detail, vocabulary and date questions (10.1)
- I can use topic words about countries, cultures and heritage, and word families such as civilise, civilisation, civilised (10.2)
- I can report statements, questions, commands and requests, changing tense, pronouns and time words (10.3)
- I can use reporting verbs such as agree, advise, deny, apologise, suggest and inform with the correct structure (10.4)
- I can use collocations with world, and the prepositions that follow believe, call, consist, interfere and object (10.5)
- I can give advice politely and write an opinion essay with long, linked sentences (10.6)
This unit is about places and cultures. You will read about World Heritage sites, learn topic words and word families, and practise reported speech and reporting verbs. Finally you will give advice and link ideas in a long-sentence opinion essay.
10.1Reading: UNESCO World Heritage
The reading pages (textbook p.122-123) have four short texts. Knowing what each one is for makes the questions easier.
| Text | What it is | Key facts |
|---|---|---|
| A | Information about UNESCO | UNESCO tries to identify, protect and preserve cultural and natural heritage of value to all people. Heritage is what we receive from the past, live with today and pass on to future generations. The list has three kinds of property: cultural, natural and mixed. |
| B | The ten criteria | A site must meet at least one of ten criteria. Criteria (i) to (vi) are cultural; (vii) to (x) are natural. Criterion (vi) is usually used together with other criteria. |
| C | Fact file: the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, China | Discovered 1974, designated 1987. Cultural site. The terracotta warriors all have different faces. Linked to the unification of China in 221 BC. |
| D | News report: Arabian Oryx Sanctuary | Removed from the list on 28 June 2007, the first site ever delisted. Reason: most of the site was being used to search for oil. Oryx fell from 450 (1996) to 65. |
Mixed property: a site that has both cultural value and natural value, such as a culturally important place in a special natural setting.
When a question has dates, ask: what does each date refer to? In text C, 1974 is when the site was discovered, 1987 is when it was designated, 221 BC is the unification, and 259 BC to 210 BC are the emperor's years.
Common mistake: mixing up the year a site was discovered and the year it was designated (put on the list). Read the labels in the fact file.
Reading texts and fact file: English Download B1+ Form 5, p.122-123.
Which year had the lowest number of oryx on the list in text D: 1994, 1996 or 2007?
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2007 (the text says the number has fallen to 65, lower than the 450 in 1996).
10.2Vocabulary: heritage and nationality
| Word | Meaning |
|---|---|
| heritage | valued buildings and traditions passed down from earlier generations |
| masterpiece | a work of art made with great skill |
| inspiration | something that gives you ideas |
| sanctuary | a protected natural area where animals live freely |
| diversity | a great variety |
| values | beliefs about what is most important in life |
| representation | a picture or model of someone or something |
Other topic words (p.124): mother tongue (first language), native speaker, official language, capital city, ethnic group, dual nationality, non-verbal communication (smiling, closing one eye) and personal beliefs. Synonym pairs: custom/tradition, culture/civilisation, world/globe, belief/concept, speech/language, global/international.
Word formation (p.126)
| Verb | Noun | Adjective |
|---|---|---|
| civilise | civilisation | civilised |
| - | nation | national |
| - | geography | geographical |
| locate | location | - |
| - | custom | customary |
| exist | existence | existing |
Common mistake: using a noun where the sentence needs an adjective, for example "the nation parks" instead of "the national parks".
Write the correct form: "It is ______ (custom) to remove your shoes before entering a mosque."
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customary (an adjective is needed after "is").
10.3Reported statements, questions, commands and requests
Reported speech tells someone what another person said. The main verb usually moves one tense back, and pronouns and time words change.
| Direct speech | Reported speech |
|---|---|
| Sally said, 'I speak Dutch.' | Sally told me (that) she spoke Dutch. |
| Ted said, 'I've been to Asia.' | Ted said (that) he had been to Asia. |
| I said, 'I'll text you tonight.' | I said (that) I would text her that night. |
| 'Where is Wales?' Kim asked. | Kim asked where Wales was. |
| 'Is Chan Chinese?' he asked me. | He asked me if/whether Chan was Chinese. |
| 'Wait here!' he said to me. | He told me to wait there. |
| 'Please don't touch that!' she said. | She asked me not to touch that. |
Reported question: the verb is not in question form (no do/does/did, no inverted order). Use if or whether when there is no question word.
- Time and place words change: today to that day, tonight to that night, tomorrow to the next day, here to there, this to that.
- Commands use tell + object + (not) to; requests use ask + object + (not) to.
Common mistake: "He asked me where was the museum." Correct: He asked me where the museum was.
Worked example
'Don't leave the country!' the officer said to me.This is a negative command. Reported: The officer told me not to leave the country.
Report: 'When does the museum open?' she asked me.
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She asked me when the museum opened.
10.4Reporting verbs
Different reporting verbs summarise what was said and need different structures (p.127).
| Pattern | Verbs | Example |
|---|---|---|
| verb + (object) + to infinitive | agree, offer, refuse, advise, order, remind, beg | He advised me to travel more. |
| verb + (preposition) + -ing | deny, apologise for, suggest, admit, accuse (someone) of | He denied breaking the statue. |
| verb + (object) + that clause | inform, explain, deny, suggest | He informed us that the site was closed. |
Suggest has three structures: He suggested visiting Angkor. / He suggested that we visit Angkor. / He suggested that we should visit Angkor.
Common mistake: "He suggested me to visit." Suggest never takes an object + to infinitive. Say "He suggested that I visit" or "suggested visiting".
Report with accuse: 'You took my camera,' Sue said to Ali.
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Sue accused Ali of taking her camera.
10.5Expressions with world and prepositions
| Expression | Meaning |
|---|---|
| has the world at his feet | is very successful, with every chance |
| in her own little world | not noticing what is around her |
| it is not the end of the world | it is not a disaster |
| It's a small world | said when you meet someone unexpectedly |
| all the time in the world | plenty of time, no need to hurry |
| dead to the world | fast asleep |
| a woman of the world | a person with a lot of experience of life |
| worlds apart | very different |
Prepositions (p.126): believe in, call for, consist of, interfere with, object to, allow for.
"There is no need to hurry. We have ______ the time in the world." Which word fills the gap, and what does the expression mean?
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"all": "all the time in the world" means plenty of time, so there is no need to hurry.
10.6Giving advice and writing an opinion essay
Giving advice (p.129)
- If I were you, I would ...
- If I were in your shoes / position, I'd ...
- I would advise you to ... / My advice would be ...
- I would recommend that you ... / I think it would be wise to ...
- In my opinion, you should (probably) ...
Long sentences (p.130)
| Job | Linkers | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Contrast | although / even though + clause in spite of / despite + noun or -ing in spite of / despite the fact that + clause | Although Chinese is difficult, many people are learning it. |
| Addition | as well as + -ing not only ..., but also ... | Many Danes speak English as well as German. |
| Paragraph links | first of all, moreover, furthermore, in addition, however, on the other hand, consequently, to sum up, all in all | Moreover, young people will absorb some of the language. |
Essay plan: Paragraph 1 introduces the topic and gives your opinion. Paragraphs 2 and 3 give reasons and examples. Paragraph 4 sums up and adds a comment. Re-read the task question while you write.
Common mistake: "Although she is tired, but she goes." Use only one linker: Although she is tired, she goes.
Join with despite + -ing: My mother was born in Spain. She cannot speak Spanish.
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Despite being born in Spain, my mother cannot speak Spanish.
Summary
- UNESCO identifies, protects and preserves heritage; sites need at least one of ten criteria; sites can be cultural, natural or mixed.
- Word families: civilise, civilisation, civilised; nation, national; location; customary; existence, existing.
- Reported speech: tense goes back, pronouns and time words change, questions are not inverted, commands use tell + to, requests use ask + to.
- Reporting verbs take to, -ing or that; suggest has three patterns.
- Advice: If I were you ..., My advice would be ...; essays: link ideas with although, despite, as well as, not only ... but also.