Biology questions, chapter 12

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Coordination and Response in Humans

45 marks. Use Practice to check each answer as you go, or Exam to answer everything against the clock first.

Section A: objective questions

15 marks

Choose the best answer for each question.

Question 1

Which part of the body responds after a stimulus is detected?

Receptor
Effector
Sensory neurone
Integration centre

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The effector (a muscle or gland) produces the response. The receptor detects the stimulus and the integration centre interprets it.

For the teacher: Remembering, low difficulty, standard 12.1.1

Textbook p. 216

Question 2

Which receptor detects a change in blood pressure?

Chemoreceptor
Thermoreceptor
Baroreceptor
Photoreceptor

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Baroreceptors detect pressure change, for example in the aortic arch and carotid artery.

For the teacher: Remembering, low difficulty, standard 12.1.3

Textbook p. 218

Question 3

Which is an internal stimulus?

The sound of a telephone ringing
A rise in blood sugar level
Bright light shining on the eyes
The smell of cooking

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Blood sugar level is a change inside the body. The others come from the external environment.

For the teacher: Understanding, medium difficulty, standard 12.1.2

Textbook p. 216

Question 4

Which part of the brain controls the heartbeat, breathing and swallowing?

Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Hypothalamus
Medulla oblongata

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The medulla oblongata controls involuntary actions such as heartbeat, breathing and swallowing.

For the teacher: Remembering, low difficulty, standard 12.2.2

Textbook p. 221

Question 5

A man can think and speak normally but staggers and loses his balance when he walks. Which part of his brain is most likely damaged?

Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Pituitary gland
Medulla oblongata

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The cerebellum maintains balance and coordinates muscle contraction for movement. Thinking and speech (cerebrum) are normal.

For the teacher: Understanding, medium difficulty, standard 12.2.2

Textbook p. 221

Question 6

What is the function of the node of Ranvier?

To store neurotransmitters
To speed up the flow of nerve impulses
To receive impulses from the environment
To release hormones into the blood

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Impulses jump from one node of Ranvier to the next along the axon, which makes them travel faster.

For the teacher: Understanding, medium difficulty, standard 12.3.2

Textbook p. 223

Question 7

Which statement about transmission across a synapse is correct?

It is carried out by hormones in the blood
The impulse can travel in either direction
It involves neurotransmitters released from synaptic vesicles
It is faster than along an axon

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Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters. The process is chemical, therefore slower, and in one direction only.

For the teacher: Understanding, medium difficulty, standard 12.3.4

Textbook p. 225

Question 8

Which pair is correctly matched?

Voluntary action: autonomic nervous system
Involuntary action: skeletal muscles
Voluntary action: controlled by the cerebral cortex
Involuntary action: somatic nervous system

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Voluntary actions involve the somatic system, skeletal muscles and the cerebral cortex. Involuntary actions involve the autonomic system and smooth muscles or glands.

For the teacher: Remembering, low difficulty, standard 12.4.1

Textbook p. 226

Question 9

Which sequence is correct for the knee jerk reflex?

Stretch receptor, sensory neurone, motor neurone, quadriceps muscle
Stretch receptor, motor neurone, relay neurone, quadriceps muscle
Quadriceps muscle, sensory neurone, relay neurone, motor neurone
Stretch receptor, sensory neurone, relay neurone, motor neurone

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The knee jerk is a two-neurone reflex arc with no relay neurone: receptor, sensory neurone, motor neurone, effector.

For the teacher: Analysing, medium difficulty, standard 12.4.2

Textbook p. 229

Question 10

Which hormone lowers the blood glucose level?

Glucagon
Adrenaline
Thyroxine
Insulin

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Insulin from the pancreas lowers blood glucose by promoting conversion of glucose to glycogen. Glucagon and adrenaline raise it.

For the teacher: Understanding, medium difficulty, standard 12.6.3

Textbook p. 235

Question 11

Which statement is true of the endocrine system but NOT of the nervous system?

The signal is carried in the blood
It coordinates the body's activities
It produces a response to a stimulus
It helps to maintain homeostasis

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Only hormones travel in the blood. Both the nervous system and the endocrine system coordinate the body, produce a response to a stimulus and help to maintain homeostasis.

For the teacher: Analysing, high difficulty, standard 12.6.5

Textbook p. 237

Question 12

A patient passes a large volume of urine and feels thirsty all the time, but the blood glucose level is normal. Which condition does the patient most likely have?

Diabetes mellitus
Hyperthyroidism
Gigantism
Diabetes insipidus

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Diabetes insipidus is caused by too little ADH, so too much water is lost in urine. In diabetes mellitus the blood glucose is high.

For the teacher: Applying, medium difficulty, standard 12.7.1

Textbook p. 238

Question 13

Why is an individual who has taken alcohol not allowed to drive?

Alcohol speeds up the transmission of impulses
Alcohol delays impulses and disrupts coordination
Alcohol destroys the myelin sheath
Alcohol stimulates the production of adrenaline

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Alcohol delays the transfer of nerve impulses and disrupts coordination and thinking, so responses are slow.

For the teacher: Applying, medium difficulty, standard 12.5.2

Textbook p. 232

Question 14

Which hormone stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine?

ACTH
FSH
GH
TSH

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TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) does this. ACTH acts on the adrenal cortex.

For the teacher: Remembering, low difficulty, standard 12.6.3

Textbook p. 234

Question 15

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there in the human peripheral nervous system?

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There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves.

For the teacher: Remembering, low difficulty, standard 12.2.1

Textbook p. 220

Section B: structured questions

30 marks

Answer all questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.

Question 16

A runner's blood pressure rises during a race. The body responds to bring the pressure back to normal.

[1 mark] (a)Name the receptor that detects the change.

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Baroreceptor1

Tick each point you got.

[1 mark] (b)Name the integration centre.

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Cardiovascular control centre in the medulla oblongata1

Tick each point you got.

[2 marks] (c)Name the effectors that react.

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Cardiac (heart) muscle1
Muscles of the blood vessel walls1

Tick each point you got.

For the teacher: Understanding, low difficulty, standard 12.1.1

Textbook p. 217

Question 17

Diagram 1 shows the transmission of impulses across a synapse. The stages are numbered 1 to 3.

Synaptic knob releasing neurotransmitter across the synapse to receptor proteins, stages 1 to 3 — Diagram 1

[1 mark] (a)Name the chemical substance that crosses the synapse.

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Neurotransmitter1

Tick each point you got.

[1 mark] (b)State one example of this substance.

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Any 1 points

Acetylcholine1
Noradrenaline1

Tick each point you got.

[2 marks] (c)Explain what happens at stage 3.

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Neurotransmitter binds to the receptor protein on the dendrite of the receiving neurone1
This starts a new nerve impulse in the receiving neurone1

Tick each point you got.

For the teacher: Remembering, medium difficulty, standard 12.3.4

Textbook p. 225

Question 18

Diagram 2 shows the reflex arc when a finger is pricked by a pin.

Reflex arc of a pricked finger through the spinal cord to the muscle — Diagram 2

[1 mark] (a)Name the neurone that connects the sensory neurone to the motor neurone.

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Relay neurone1

Tick each point you got.

[1 mark] (b)State where the cell body of the sensory neurone is found.

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Dorsal root ganglion1

Tick each point you got.

[2 marks] (c)State the importance of a reflex action.

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Very fast response without waiting for the brain, preventing serious injury1
Frees the brain for higher thinking1

Tick each point you got.

For the teacher: Applying, medium difficulty, standard 12.4.2

Textbook p. 228

Question 19

Voluntary and involuntary actions are two types of response in humans.

[2 marks] (a)Give one example of a voluntary action and one of an involuntary action.

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Voluntary: raising a hand, walking, talking (any)1
Involuntary: heartbeat, peristalsis, sneezing, coughing (any)1

Tick each point you got.

[1 mark] (b)Name the part of the brain that controls voluntary actions.

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Cerebrum (cerebral cortex)1

Tick each point you got.

[2 marks] (c)State two differences between voluntary and involuntary actions.

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Any 2 points

Voluntary is conscious, involuntary is automatic1
Voluntary involves the somatic system and skeletal muscle; involuntary involves the autonomic system and smooth muscle or glands1
Voluntary is controlled by the cerebrum, involuntary by the medulla oblongata and hypothalamus1

Tick each point you got.

For the teacher: Understanding, medium difficulty, standard 12.4.1

Textbook p. 226

Question 20

Diagram 3 shows the endocrine glands of the human body.

Endocrine glands labelled on female and male bodies — Diagram 3

[2 marks] (a)Name the main endocrine gland and give a reason.

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Pituitary gland1
It secretes hormones that control other endocrine glands1

Tick each point you got.

[2 marks] (b)Name the hormone secreted by the thyroid gland and state one function.

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Thyroxine1
Increases the metabolic rate / body temperature / regulates growth1

Tick each point you got.

For the teacher: Applying, medium difficulty, standard 12.6.3

Textbook p. 234

Question 21

A girl is chased by a dog. Her heart beats fast and she runs away quickly.

[1 mark] (a)Name the hormone secreted by the adrenal gland in this situation.

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Adrenaline (noradrenaline is also accepted)1

Tick each point you got.

[2 marks] (b)State two changes the hormone causes in her body.

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Increases heart rate1
Increases respiratory rate / blood pressure / blood glucose level / metabolic rate1

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[2 marks] (c)Explain why these changes help her to run away.

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More oxygen and glucose are carried to the brain and skeletal muscles1
More energy is released by respiration for fast running1

Tick each point you got.

For the teacher: Applying, high difficulty, standard 12.6.4

Textbook p. 236

Question 22

Two patients visit a clinic. Patient P is 12 years old and 1.9 m tall with unusually long hands. Patient Q is an adult who is always cold, tired and gaining weight, and has a slow heartbeat.

[2 marks] (a)Name the condition of patient P and the hormone involved.

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Gigantism1
Growth hormone (excess)1

Tick each point you got.

[2 marks] (b)Name the condition of patient Q and the hormone involved.

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Hypothyroidism1
Thyroxine (too little)1

Tick each point you got.

For the teacher: Applying, medium difficulty, standard 12.7.1

Textbook p. 238

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