Support and Movement in Humans and Animals: Biology questions

Section A: objective questions

12 marks

Choose the best answer for each question.

Which type of skeleton is found in an earthworm?

Hydrostatic skeleton
Endoskeleton
Exoskeleton
Cartilage skeleton

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Earthworms have soft bodies kept in shape by a hydrostatic skeleton.

For the teacher: Remembering, low difficulty, standard 14.1.1

Textbook p. 266

Which bone is part of the appendicular skeleton?

Sternum
Scapula
Rib
Skull

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The scapula belongs to the pectoral girdle, so it is appendicular. The others are axial.

For the teacher: Remembering, low difficulty, standard 14.2.1

Textbook p. 267

Which feature is found only in cervical vertebrae?

Neural canal
Spinous process
Transverse foramina
Centrum

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Cervical vertebrae have a pair of transverse foramina. All vertebrae have a neural canal and processes.

For the teacher: Understanding, medium difficulty, standard 14.2.2

Textbook p. 269

Which vertebra has a large centrum to bear the weight of the lower back?

Atlas
Thoracic
Cervical
Lumbar

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Lumbar vertebrae are the biggest and strongest, with a large centrum.

For the teacher: Understanding, low difficulty, standard 14.2.3

Textbook p. 269

The suture in the cranium is an example of which joint?

Immovable joint
Slightly moveable joint
Hinge joint
Ball-and-socket joint

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Sutures between skull bones do not move.

For the teacher: Remembering, low difficulty, standard 14.2.4

Textbook p. 270

What is the function of synovial fluid?

To join muscle to bone
To act as a lubricant that reduces friction
To enclose the joint
To produce red blood cells

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Synovial fluid lubricates the joint and reduces friction between bone ends.

For the teacher: Understanding, low difficulty, standard 14.2.5

Textbook p. 271

Which statement about ligaments is correct?

They join muscle to bone
They are not elastic
They join bone to bone
They secrete synovial fluid

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Ligaments are strong, elastic tissues joining bone to bone.

For the teacher: Remembering, low difficulty, standard 14.2.5

Textbook p. 272

When you straighten your arm, what happens to the biceps and triceps?

Biceps contracts, triceps relaxes
Both relax
Both contract
Biceps relaxes, triceps contracts

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Triceps (extensor) contracts and pulls the ulna down while the biceps relaxes.

For the teacher: Applying, medium difficulty, standard 14.3.1

Textbook p. 273

How does a fish move its tail from side to side?

Alternate contraction and relaxation of myotomes
Contraction of fins
Contraction of circular muscles
Flexing of an exoskeleton

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Myotomes on the two sides act antagonistically to whip the tail.

For the teacher: Understanding, low difficulty, standard 14.3.2

Textbook p. 274

Which muscle action makes a grasshopper leap?

Flexor of the hind leg relaxes and extensor relaxes
Extensor of the hind leg contracts, straightening the leg
Circular muscles contract
Pectoralis major contracts

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The extensor contracts and straightens the folded hind leg, projecting the insect forward and up.

For the teacher: Understanding, medium difficulty, standard 14.3.2

Textbook p. 276

A child has soft, weak bones with defects. Which is the most likely cause?

Reduced synovial fluid
Too much exercise
Lack of vitamin D and calcium
Genetic bending of the spine

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This is rickets, caused by lack of calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D in children.

For the teacher: Understanding, low difficulty, standard 14.4.1

Textbook p. 278

Which practice is best for preventing osteoporosis in old age?

Wearing high-heeled shoes
Taking only vitamin C
Avoiding all movement to protect bones
Regular exercise and a diet with calcium and vitamin D

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Exercise raises bone strength and mineral deposits; calcium and vitamin D supply and absorb calcium.

For the teacher: Evaluating, high difficulty, standard 14.4.2

Textbook p. 279

Section B: structured questions

27 marks

Answer all questions.

Skeletons are needed by humans and animals.

[2 marks] (a)State two functions of the skeleton.

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Any 2 points

Support the body / maintain body shape1
Protect internal organs1
Allow movement (any two)1

Tick each point you got.

[1 mark] (b)Name the type of skeleton found in a crab.

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Exoskeleton1

Tick each point you got.

For the teacher: Remembering, low difficulty, standard 14.1.2

Textbook p. 266

Compare cervical and lumbar vertebrae.

[1 mark] (a)State one similarity.

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Both have a neural canal / spinous process / transverse process / centrum1

Tick each point you got.

[2 marks] (b)State two differences.

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Any 2 points

Cervical has transverse foramina; lumbar has none1
Lumbar centrum is large, cervical is small1
Cervical transverse processes are wide and short; lumbar are short only (any two)1

Tick each point you got.

For the teacher: Understanding, medium difficulty, standard 14.2.2

Textbook p. 269

Explain parts of a freely moveable joint.

[1 mark] (a)State the function of cartilage.

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Cushions the joint, absorbs shock and reduces friction1

Tick each point you got.

[1 mark] (b)Name the structure that secretes synovial fluid.

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Synovial membrane1

Tick each point you got.

[2 marks] (c)Give one example each of a hinge joint and a ball-and-socket joint.

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Hinge: elbow / knee / finger [1]1
Ball-and-socket: shoulder / hip [1]1

Tick each point you got.

For the teacher: Understanding, low difficulty, standard 14.2.5

Textbook p. 271

A student lifts a bag by bending her arm at the elbow.

[1 mark] (a)Which muscle contracts?

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Biceps1

Tick each point you got.

[1 mark] (b)State the condition of the triceps at the same time.

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Relaxes1

Tick each point you got.

[1 mark] (c)Name the structure that transmits the pull of the biceps to the radius.

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Tendon1

Tick each point you got.

[2 marks] (d)Why must muscles work in antagonistic pairs?

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A muscle can only pull, not push1
The other muscle of the pair is needed to return the bone to its original position1

Tick each point you got.

For the teacher: Applying, low difficulty, standard 14.3.1

Textbook p. 273

Describe locomotion in animals.

[2 marks] (a)Explain how the wings of a bird are pulled down.

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Pectoralis major contracts1
Pectoralis minor relaxes1

Tick each point you got.

[3 marks] (b)Explain how an earthworm moves forward.

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Circular muscles at the anterior contract and longitudinal muscles relax, so the front becomes longer and thinner and extends forward (posterior chaetae anchor to the ground)1
Chaetae at the anterior segment then anchor to the ground and the posterior chaetae release1
Longitudinal muscles at the posterior contract, pulling the posterior segment forward1

Tick each point you got.

For the teacher: Understanding, low difficulty, standard 14.3.2

Textbook p. 275

Madam Ani, aged 60, was told she has osteoporosis.

[1 mark] (a)State the effect of osteoporosis on bones.

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Bones become thin, porous and brittle / break easily1

Tick each point you got.

[2 marks] (b)Explain why the risk is higher after menopause.

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Oestrogen level falls1
Less calcium absorbed and more calcium lost from bones1

Tick each point you got.

[2 marks] (c)Suggest two ways she can care for her musculoskeletal system.

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Any 2 points

Exercise regularly1
Eat food rich in calcium and vitamin D1
Maintain good posture / wear low-heeled shoes (any two)1

Tick each point you got.

For the teacher: Evaluating, medium difficulty, standard 14.4.2

Textbook p. 279

Identify the disorder.

[1 mark] (a)Backbone bent sideways in an S shape.

ScoliosisRicketsOsteoarthritis

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Scoliosis

[1 mark] (b)Thinning cartilage and less synovial fluid make the knee swollen and painful.

OsteomalaciaArthritisScoliosis

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Arthritis

For the teacher: Applying, low difficulty, standard 14.4.1

Textbook p. 278

Section A: objective questions

Question 1

Question 2

Question 3

Question 4

Question 5

Question 6

Question 7

Question 8

Question 9

Question 10

Question 11

Question 12

Section B: structured questions

Question 13

Question 14

Question 15

Question 16

Question 17

Question 18

Question 19